Low Haemoglobin Count: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

• Written by Riya Lohia

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Overview

Haemoglobin is a crucial protein found in red blood cells (RBCs), responsible for transporting oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body. A low haemoglobin count can lead to several health issues, as the body's tissues and organs do not receive sufficient oxygen to function properly. This condition, commonly associated with anaemia, can cause symptoms ranging from fatigue and weakness to more severe complications if left untreated. Understanding the causes, symptoms, and treatment options for low haemoglobin is essential for managing this health issue effectively.

What is Haemoglobin?

Haemoglobin is an iron-rich protein that gives red blood cells their characteristic red colour. It plays a vital role in maintaining the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood. Each haemoglobin molecule binds to oxygen in the lungs and releases it into tissues throughout the body, ensuring that every organ receives the oxygen it needs to function properly. Haemoglobin levels are measured in grams per decilitre (g/dL), and normal levels typically range between:

• Men: 13.8 to 17.2 g/dL
• Women: 12.1 to 15.1 g/dL
• Children: 11 to 16 g/dL 

What Happens When Haemoglobin Level is Low?

A low haemoglobin count means the body’s ability to transport oxygen is compromised. This can lead to a variety of symptoms, including fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath, and dizziness. In more severe cases, it may affect cognitive function, cause irregular heartbeats, or lead to life-threatening complications such as organ damage. Low haemoglobin level can also be an indicator of underlying conditions like nutritional deficiencies, chronic diseases, or bone marrow disorders.

Dangerously Low Haemoglobin Levels

When haemoglobin levels fall below certain thresholds, it becomes a medical emergency. Dangerously low levels are generally considered to be:

• Below 8 g/dL: At this point, individuals may experience extreme weakness, pale skin, and difficulty in breathing. Immediate medical intervention is needed to prevent complications.
• Below 5 g/dL: This is a life-threatening condition that requires urgent treatment, as it can result in heart failure, organ damage, or even death.

Causes of Low Haemoglobin

Several factors can contribute to low haemoglobin levels, including:

• Nutritional Deficiencies: The most common cause of low haemoglobin is a deficiency of iron, vitamin B12, or folate. Iron is essential for haemoglobin production, while vitamin B12 and folate support red blood cell formation.
• Chronic Diseases: Conditions like kidney disease, cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, or chronic infections can interfere with the body’s ability to produce enough red blood cells, leading to low haemoglobin.
• Blood Loss: Significant blood loss due to surgery, injury, heavy menstrual bleeding, or gastrointestinal bleeding can deplete haemoglobin levels rapidly.
• Bone Marrow Disorders: Diseases such as leukaemia or aplastic anaemia can affect the bone marrow’s ability to produce red blood cells, resulting in low haemoglobin.
• Inherited Conditions: Genetic disorders like sickle cell anaemia or thalassemia can cause abnormal haemoglobin production, leading to lower levels of functional haemoglobin in the blood.
• Medications: Certain medications, such as chemotherapy drugs, can suppress red blood cell production, causing low haemoglobin.

Symptoms of Low Haemoglobin

The symptoms of low haemoglobin can vary depending on the severity of the condition. Common signs include:

• Fatigue and Weakness: Feeling excessively tired or weak, even after adequate rest, is one of the earliest signs of low haemoglobin.
• Pale or Yellow Skin: The skin may appear pale or develop a yellowish tint due to reduced red blood cell count.
• Shortness of Breath: Difficulty breathing, especially during physical activity, is common as the body struggles to deliver enough oxygen.
• Dizziness or Light-headedness: A low oxygen supply to the brain can cause dizziness, fainting, or trouble concentrating.
• Rapid Heartbeat: To compensate for low oxygen levels, the heart may beat faster than usual, which can lead to palpitations.
• Cold Hands and Feet: Poor blood circulation may result in cold extremities.

If you are facing any of these signs of low hgb, contact your healthcare provider immediately.

How are Haemoglobin Levels Tested?

Testing haemoglobin levels is a straightforward procedure. A complete blood count (CBC) test is usually conducted, where a small sample of blood is drawn from a vein, typically in the arm. This test measures not only haemoglobin levels but also other important components like red blood cell count, white blood cells, and platelets. For individuals with chronic illnesses, doctors may recommend routine haemoglobin testing to monitor the condition.

Treatment for Low Haemoglobin

The treatment for low haemoglobin depends on the underlying cause and the severity of the condition. Some common treatment options include:

• Iron Supplements: If the cause is iron deficiency, doctors may prescribe oral iron supplements or recommend increasing dietary intake of iron-rich foods like spinach, lentils, and red meat.
• Vitamin Supplements: Deficiencies in vitamin B12 or folate can be treated with dietary supplements or injections.
• Blood Transfusion: In cases of severe haemoglobin deficiency or blood loss, a blood transfusion may be necessary to quickly restore healthy levels.
• Medications: In individuals with chronic diseases or bone marrow disorders, medications that stimulate red blood cell production, such as erythropoietin, may be prescribed.
• Treating the Underlying Condition: For chronic illnesses, addressing the root cause is essential. This may involve managing kidney disease, treating cancer, or controlling inflammation.

Prevention of Low Haemoglobin

Preventing low haemoglobin is often possible through lifestyle changes and dietary adjustments:

• Iron-rich Diet: Incorporate foods high in iron, such as leafy greens, meat, beans, and fortified cereals, into your diet. Pairing these foods with vitamin C-rich items (e.g., oranges, tomatoes) can enhance iron absorption.
• Regular Check-ups: Routine blood tests can help detect haemoglobin deficiencies early, especially if you have risk factors such as chronic illness or a family history of anaemia.
• Balanced Nutrition: Ensure your diet includes adequate amounts of vitamin B12 and folate, which are necessary for red blood cell production.
• Avoid Excessive Blood Loss: Seek medical advice if you experience heavy menstrual periods or gastrointestinal bleeding.

Wrapping Up!

Low haemoglobin is a common health issue that can have serious consequences if not managed properly. Early detection, understanding the causes, and seeking appropriate treatment are key to preventing complications. By maintaining a healthy diet, addressing any underlying medical conditions, and undergoing regular check-ups, individuals can keep their haemoglobin levels in a healthy range and ensure their bodies function optimally.

Whether caused by nutritional deficiencies, chronic illness, or blood loss, low haemoglobin is a condition that requires attention and care. If you experience any symptoms of low haemoglobin, consult with a healthcare provider to determine the best course of action. Additionally, it is recommended to invest in a proper health insurance plan for your family. Care Health Insurance offers you numerous plans that can provide coverage for you and your family. Depending on your insurance needs and your budget, you can choose between an individual or a family floater plan. 

>> Also Read: Understanding Causes for Low Haemoglobin in Males

Disclaimer: The above information is for reference purposes only. Kindly consult your general physician for verified medical advice. The health insurance benefits are subject to policy terms and conditions. Refer to your policy documents for more information.