Everything You Need to Know About Kidney Cysts

• Written by Anjali Sharma

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Kidney cysts are one of those conditions that often go unnoticed, quietly existing in the background without causing any trouble. While most kidney cysts are harmless, some can lead to discomfort or more severe complications. In this blog, we will explore the formation and management of kidney cysts. 

What are Kidney Cysts?

A kidney cyst is a sac of fluid that forms on or within the kidneys. They are usually benign (non-cancerous) and can vary in size. These cyst have a thin wall around them and grows on the surface of the kidney. Kidney cysts generally do not affect the functioning of the kidneys. 

What are the Types of Kidney Cysts?

Kidney cysts are small, fluid-filled or solid pouches that can be categorised as simple or complex cysts. Let us learn about them in detail:

• Simple Kidney Cyst: The simple kidney cysts are the most common types of kidney cysts. They are non-cancerous or benign and are usually harmless. Until they become extremely large, they do not show any specific symptoms that would come to notice. The simple cysts are filled with fluid and are round in shape with thin walls. 
• Complex Kidney Cyst: Complex kidney cysts, which are solid and not filled with fluid, have a high chance of becoming cancerous. They are irregularly shaped and have a thick outline. 
• Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD): Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is a genetic disorder that causes fluid-filled sacs or cysts to form in the kidneys. These cysts enlarge the kidneys and can lead to kidney failure. There is no treatment for PKD, but some lifestyle changes, such as losing weight, getting enough sleep, reducing stress, and quitting smoking, can help reduce the symptoms.
• Acquired Cyst: In this medical condition, the fluid filled cysts develop in the kidney leading to multiple chronic kidney diseases. These cysts can also cause blood in the urine, flank pain, or infection. 
• Parapelvic Cyst: A parapelvic cyst is a rare, usually benign cyst that forms in the renal parenchyma area of the body and extends into the renal sinus. They are often solitary, large, and incompletely surrounded by renal parenchyma. 
• Dermoid Cyst: A dermoid cyst is a benign, slow-growing tumour that contains tissues which are found in the kidney’s outer layers, such as sweat and oil glands, hair, and teeth. They can form anywhere in the body, but are most commonly found in the ovary, testes, head, neck, face, lower back, or central nervous system. 

What are Kidney Cyst Symptoms?

Most kidney cysts do not show any noticeable symptoms. However, larger cysts which are 2 inches or more, might cause complications. Here are some of the common kidney cyst symptoms discussed:

• Pain or discomfort in the side or back
• Blood in urine (hematuria)
• Frequent urination or difficulty in urination
• High blood pressure

What are Kidney Cyst Causes?

Kidney cysts usually develop as a result of ageing. As people grow older, the likelihood of developing these fluid-filled sacs increases. Some common kidney cyst causes are mentioned below: 

• Genetic factors: Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) can lead to multiple cysts forming in both kidneys.
• Acquired cysts: These can occur without any underlying disease and are often linked to ageing or dialysis.
• Infection or injury: In rare cases, an infection or injury to the kidneys may cause cyst formation.

What are Diagnostic Tests for Kidney Cysts?

Doctors recommend several diagnostic tests for proper analysis. Imaging tests, such as ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and computed tomography (CT) scans, are performed along with blood tests to diagnose kidney cysts.

Let us learn in detail about these diagnostics tests further:

• Ultrasound: It is a non-invasive technique that uses high-frequency sound waves to create images of the kidneys and detect cysts.
• Computed tomography (CT) scan: This procedure uses X-rays and computer processing to create 3D kidney images and identify anomalies.
• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): Uses a powerful magnet, radio waves, and computer processing to create detailed images of the kidneys.
• Blood tests: This test helps assess kidney function and detect abnormalities associated with kidney cysts.
• Urine tests: These tests help examine urine for blood or signs of infection, which can indicate complications from cysts.

What are Kidney Cyst Treatments?

Kidney cysts are often harmless and don’t require treatment, especially if they are small and asymptomatic. However, if a kidney cyst causes complications, there are several treatment options available.

• Piercing and Drainage: If a cyst becomes large, painful, or infected, it may need to be drained. During this procedure, a needle is inserted into the cyst to remove the fluid. This provides temporary relief but doesn’t prevent the cyst from possibly refilling in the future.
• Sclerotherapy: In some cases, after draining the cyst, a sclerosing agent (a chemical that causes the cyst to collapse) is injected to prevent the cyst from refilling with fluid. This treatment is usually used for larger cysts.
• Surgery: It is performed for cysts that are very large, cause severe pain, or have caused complications such as kidney damage. The cyst is either removed or surgically treated in this procedure to prevent further issues. 
• Dialysis and Kidney Transplantation: In some rare severe cases, when kidney cysts lead to kidney failure, dialysis or even a kidney transplant may be necessary to support kidney function.

When to Seek Treatment?

It is always advised to visit a doctor and seek treatment if the kidney cyst causes discomfort or pain in the back or side. When the cyst grows significantly or leads to complications such as fever, blood in urine, or increased discomfort, it is recommended that treatment be started urgently.

In such a situation, a comprehensive health insurance plan is necessary to support your medical treatment. The right policy would provide you with pre- and post-hospitalisation coverage. 

Read More: Kidney Disease: Know the Symptoms, Causes and Treatment

To Sum Up

Kidney cysts are common and usually harmless fluid-filled sacs that form in the kidneys. They do not interfere with the kidney's normal functioning; only cysts larger than 2 inches have severe complications. However, if complications arise, it is essential to seek proper kidney cyst treatment to manage the condition effectively. Simpler cysts are removed through medication and drainage. However, in the cases of complex kidney cysts, they need to be removed through surgery.